Archive for the 'Design Patterns' Category

Bulgaria PHP Group: Introduction to Design Patterns

freedomIntroduction to Design Patterns. On Saturday, February 13 from 4:30-??? EST (New York time and 10:00-13:00 EET UTC 9:00-12:00) I will be making a presentation to the Bulgarian PHP Group via Google Hangouts. If you are unfamiliar with PHP 7, click on the picture of Vasil Levski, and download the special Bulgarian Edition! of PHP 7 & MySQL: An Object Oriented Introduction that I’ve been writing. (Only the first 6 chapters have been converted to PHP 7, and once the rest of the book is finished, all of it will be PHP 7 content and examples.) I only copied a few phrases from English to Bulgarian; so the book is written in English. (About 200+ pages currently.)

In case there’s a problem with Google Hangouts, I’ll have a streaming video of the talk available and communicate with the group via Twitter and/or email during the time of the talk. If you are not familiar with OOP, take a look at the first two chapters of PHP 7 & MySQL: An Object Oriented Introduction. Page 14 has a simple, clear and accurate definition of OOP that differentiates it from sequential and procedural programming.

Hope to see you via Google Hangouts on Saturday, February 13 at the Bulgaria PHP Meeting!

Factory Method with Return Typing

factorymethodIf you do a Google search for “Factory Design Pattern,” thankfully, the first hits are “Factory Method….,” the correct name of the pattern that Gamma and his associates developed as a fundamental design pattern. I am not at all impressed by nit-pickers, and lest you think me petty by touching upon the notion of “Factory” vs. “Factory Method,” I hope this post will show you why including a factory method in a Factory Method design pattern is both important and necessary.

The Factory Method: Abstract with Concrete Operations

Some of the posts about the Factory Method are more about the idea of a factory than a method within the Creator (Factory) interface. What the key is, though, is to design an interface in the Factory with both abstract and concrete elements which return a concrete Product. The details of the factoryMethod() are left up to the concrete implementations to decide which one to implement. The factoryMethod() is abstract, but with PHP7, we can establish a return type. What is a return type? When stated, it is the type of data that a method must return. In earlier versions of PHP, using type hinting, only certain types of objects could be included in a method’s arguments. Now, though, you can add a return type to a method. For example, the factoryMethod() in this example includes an IProduct return type after the closing parenthesis in the function declaration:

   abstract protected function factoryMethod():IProduct;

Like the scalar variables discussed in a pervious post that could be typed as code hints in parameters, a return value of a scalar variable such as a string means the that the method must return a string, as you can see in the IProduct implementations. However, the factoryMethod is designed to return an instance of an IProduct (the object) implementation. While common in other languages, return types are newly added feature in PHP7.

The Elegance of the Factory Method

Every time I go over the original Design Patterns in the GoF book, I find something new. One of my favorite patterns is the Template Method. The method itself is concrete but the operations within the method are abstract. The Factory Method is the opposite. The factory method is abstract, but it is called by a concrete operation defined in the interface. (I use the term interface to reference both PHP interface type classes as well as abstract class types.) To be sure, The Gang of Four, have more than a single implementation suggested for the Factory Method pattern, but in the class diagram, the method is set up in the interface (Creator) as an abstract method along with a concrete method as shown in Figure 1:

Figure 1: Factory Method class diagram

Figure 1: Factory Method class diagram

Before continuing, run the program (Play) and download the source code (Download.) The program is one I’m using to build a path from Lambda Calculus to PHP. (To run the downloaded source files, you’ll need PHP 7.)

PlayDownload

Once you have the source code downloaded and a sense of what the program produces, you’ll better understand how the Factory Method pattern makes it easy to update the “products” showing the lambda calculus and the PHP program using functional methods. The Creator participant in this pattern (IFactory) includes two methods; one abstract and one concrete as shown in the following listing:

< ?php
abstract class IFactory
{
    //This class is the 'Creator' interface in the class diagram.
 
    protected $productNow;
 
    /*
     * Factory Method--returns concrete Product--reutrns any
     * implementation of IProduct--it programs to the Interface
    */
 
    abstract protected function factoryMethod():IProduct;
 
    /*
     * The createProduct() is identified as 'anOperation()' in the class digram
     * While it is a concrete method, it returns the factoryMethod()
     * an abstract method.
    */
 
    public function createProduct():IProduct
    { 
        return $this->factoryMethod();
    }
}
?>

The IFactory abstract class may appear to be both strange and broken. How can a concrete method (createProduct) return an abstract method (factoryMethod)? Far from being broken, it’s brilliant. It means that while the createProduct() must return a factoryMethod(), the factoryMethod() can be implemented any way the developer needs following the structure of the interface.

Thoughtful Structure and Easy Update

As a Creational type of design pattern, the Factory Method may have what some consider an unnecessarily fussy (and complex) structure to get a simple product. In this example, the product returns nothing but strings with some HTML embedded to display text messages. Wouldn’t it be just as effective and a lot easier to have a single object for each product using a single interface? Or even simpler, have a single class and just add a set of properties for each string? The answer to all of those questions is, Yes, of course. However, there’s a caveat: if your product is simple; so is the solution. In the examples on this blog, I’ve tried to clarify how to build different design patterns correctly and clearly. We were stuck with the following paradox:

The clearer a design pattern example, the less useful it appears to be.

So, while generating output from strings is no great shakes, the important point is to see how simple it is to make changes using the Factory Method pattern. For example, instead of generating strings, suppose each product requires calls to a MySql database, a jQuery-based mobile UI, and a JavaScript graphic handler (not jQuery). If you look at Figure 2, you can see how this implementation follows the class diagram in Figure 1. The HTML UI and CSS file call the Client:

Figure 1: Implementation of the Factory Method pattern

Figure 1: Implementation of the Factory Method pattern

Okay, that’s a bit more complex, but the real issue is how to have several such products generated by the same program, each needing regular (e.g., daily) update and changes for several such products. By having a Factory Method take care of all of the new creations (additions and changes), you can rest assured that as the program gets bigger,as long as you follow the rules in the design pattern (attend to the rules laid down in the interfaces), not only will it be easier to maintain, but it will be less prone to bugs.

The Factory: The Method Returns Help the Developer

In creating the examples using PHP7 and the new function return types, I kept running into errors as I attempted to return product instances. The errors indicated that I was returning strings instead of objects (product instances). Because of the return typing, I was able to find the errors and return the objects, which in turn returned the strings from the products. First, look at the IFactory implementations:

< ?php
class FactoryID extends IFactory
{
    protected function factoryMethod():IProduct
    {
        $this->productNow = new LambdaID();
        return $this->productNow;
    }
}
?>
 
< ?php
class FactoryApp extends IFactory
{  
    protected function factoryMethod():IProduct
    {
        $this->productNow = new LambdaApp();
        return $this->productNow;
    }  
}
?>
 
< ?php
class FactoryPythag extends IFactory
{  
    protected function factoryMethod():IProduct
    {
        $this->productNow = new LambdaPythag();
        return $this->productNow;
    }  
}
?>

As you can see each implementation of the factory interface differs only slightly. Each calls a different product implementation. Because the createProduct() method is concrete, it does not need further implementation—even though the method calls an abstract method. (Note: Please remember that each class is saved as the class name with the “.php” extension.)
Continue reading ‘Factory Method with Return Typing’

Sandlight CMS VI: Strategy Administrative Module

admin A CMS is only as good as the administrative module, and the one provided here is fully functional based on a simple work flow. You can change the UI and work flow to best fit your own, but you have the flexibility design patterns offer; so making changes to fit your needs (or those of your customers) should not be difficult.

One of the key features of a dynamic Web page is that it can be updated easily, and by using a MySQL table and database, all of the update information can be stored in a single location (table.) Updating the page is simply a matter of updating the data in a record or by adding new records to the table. The administrative module for this CMS has the capacity to update data in an existing record, but the page presented is always the newest record. The CMS has certain drawbacks because you cannot delete records without throwing the system out of whack, but that was done for the purposes of ease of use. (Remember, you’re a programmer and can change whatever you want!)

Set the Table

Setting up the MySQL table involves three files: 1) an interface with the MySQL connection information; 2. a connection class; and a table-creation class. The following three classes: (Use your own MySQL connection information in the IConnectInfo interface.)

< ?php
//Filename: IConnectInfo.php
interface IConnectInfo
{
        const HOST ="your_host";
        const UNAME ="your_username";
        const PW ="your_pw";
        const DBNAME = "your_dbname";
        public static function doConnect();
}
?>
 
< ?php
//Filename: UniversalConnect.php
ini_set("display_errors","1");
ERROR_REPORTING( E_ALL | E_STRICT );
include_once('IConnectInfo.php');
 
class UniversalConnect implements IConnectInfo
{
        private static $server=IConnectInfo::HOST;
        private static $currentDB= IConnectInfo::DBNAME;
        private static $user= IConnectInfo::UNAME;
        private static $pass= IConnectInfo::PW;
        private static $hookup;
 
        public static function doConnect()
        {
                self::$hookup=mysqli_connect(self::$server, self::$user, self::$pass, self::$currentDB);
                try
                {     
                        self::$hookup;
                        //Uncomment following line for develop/debug
                        echo "Successful MySql connection:
"
; } catch (Exception $e) { echo "There is a problem: " . $e->getMessage(); exit(); } return self::$hookup; } } ?>   < ?php include_once('IConnectInfo.php'); include_once('UniversalConnect.php'); class CreateTable { private $drop;   public function __construct() { $this->hookup=UniversalConnect::doConnect(); $this->tableMaster="your_table_name"; $this->dropTable(); $this->makeTable(); $this->hookup->close(); }   private function dropTable() { $this->drop = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS $this->tableMaster";   try { $this->hookup->query($this->drop) === true; printf("Old table %s has been dropped.
"
,$this->tableMaster); } catch (Exception $e) { echo "Here is why it did not work: $e->getMessage()
"
; } }   protected function makeTable() { $this->sql = "CREATE TABLE $this->tableMaster ( id SERIAL, topic NVARCHAR(24), header NVARCHAR(120), graphic NVARCHAR(60), story BLOB, PRIMARY KEY (id))"; try { $this->hookup->query($this->sql);   } catch (Exception $e) { echo 'Here is why it did not work: ', $e->getMessage(), "
"
; } echo "Table $this->tableMaster has been created successfully.
"
; } }   $worker=new CreateTable(); ?>

The connection routines have been improved upon over time, and you can find out more about it in the original post on the subject on this blog. For now, Play the application and Download the source files. (When you click the Play button, you enter the Login UI. Use the same un/pw combination from the Functional Protective Proxy post on this blog. (Hint, you can find it in the ILogin abstract class.)
PlayDownload

In creating the table at first I used the TEXT data type for a large block of text, but then decided that a BLOB type may have a slight advantage. The BLOB is a VARBINARY and TEXT is VARCHAR, and BLOB seemed to have a slight advantage. However, the advantage may be smaller than I originally thought. Check out the MySQL docs on these two data types and you can see the differences for yourself. Figure 1 shows what the editor in the administration module looks like:

Figure 1: Administrative Module Editor

Figure 1: Administrative Module Editor

From Proxy to Strategy

The login module of this CMS is based on the Proxy pattern. Now, as in previous CMS examples, the administrative module is based on a Strategy pattern. Each object in the Strategy pattern represents an algorithm to accomplish a different task. In this case, the tasks include:

  • Entering data
  • Editing data
  • Displaying data
  • Displaying a page based on stored data.

All requests go through a context relying on a Strategy interface. In this case, I used an abstract class which allowed the addition of several protected properties and a constant with the name of the table. This is all in addition to the main method in an abstract public function, the algorithm method, executeStrategy(). Following the Strategy design pattern, begin with the Context. Continue reading ‘Sandlight CMS VI: Strategy Administrative Module’

Sandlight CMS V: Functional Protective Proxy Login

loginOn this blog, the Protective Proxy pattern has several different implementations, and if you’d like to refresh your memory, this post has the foundation upon which the others are built. The design pattern for the Proxy is relatively simple: the user logs into a site, and instead of going directly to the subject page, users are sent to a Proxy subject where their credential are checked. If the Proxy page determines valid credentials (typically a username and password), the user is sent to the subject page where the content resides.

With an administrative login, the work to be done (in this case) is to add and edit dynamic content for a page. The upper right portion of the main page is made up of materials that come from a database so that adding and changing content is relatively simple. However, before even getting to the administrative editing portion of the CMS, you want to be sure that only those with permission have access to the dynamic editor. So this post deals only with the login portion of the CMS. Go ahead and test it and download the source files:
PlayDownload

Rats! I forgot to tell you the username and password. You can find them in the source code in the download or in this post; so go ahead and dig them up and try again. It will help you understand how this proxy implementation works.

The Functional Protective Proxy

As noted above, other examples of the Proxy design pattern have been used and explained elsewhere on this blog. In this (protective) Proxy implementation, only one feature has changed: the methods are all written using functional programming protocols. Figure 1 shows the design pattern diagram for this implementation of the Proxy.

Figure 1: Class diagram for Protective Proxy

Figure 1: Class diagram for Protective Proxy

As far as protective Proxys go, this one is not unusual. The ReLog could have been handled by sending the user back to the LoginUI, but by having a different looking UI, it helps the user pay attention a bit more prior to re-entering the username and password. The path it follows is pretty simple:

  1. LoginUI: User enters username and password.
  2. LoginClient: Sends login request to LoginProxy.
  3. ILogin: Sets up two abstract methods and a concrete method along with encoded usernames and passwords. It also provides several protected properties. Both the LoginProxy and Login classes implement (extend) this abstract class interface
  4. LoginProxy: Evaluates username and password and sends it to Login if correct and ReLog if not.
  5. Login: Calls AdminUI (to be developed).
  6. ReLog: Re-start process requesting user name and password.

You can obscure the password and username better than I did for this example of the Proxy implementation. When used in an actual environment, you can store the codes in a special MySql table, a Json file, a text file or even a hidden element in an HTML5 document. Since users are not going to be logging in, other than the site administrator, you should be sure that they cannot even find where to log in! It’s a lot easier than trying to protect a site where users are expected to login.

When you look at the different classes, you won’t see much functional programming except in LoginProxy class. That’s because, there’s not a lot of code in any of the classes. The UI (LoginUI and ReLog) classes create and display HTML pages, the client class calls the proxy class (LoginProxy) but it’s the LoginProxy that has to do all of the thinking. Using functional operations, primarily lambda functions (PHP anonymous functions), the class methods determines what to do next: send on the request to the Login object or reroute it to the start-over class, ReLog. That’s pretty much it. In looking at the LoginProxy class code, you can see the functional operations at work:

< ?php
class LoginProxy extends ILogin
{
        //Proxy Subject
        public function doLogin()
        {     
                $this->sun=$_GET['username'];
                unset($_GET['username']);
                $this->spw=$_GET['password'];
                unset($_GET['password']);
 
                try
                {
                        $this->security=$this->setPass();
                        $this->igor=$this->sun==base64_decode($this->security[0]) && $this->spw==base64_decode($this->security[1]);
                        $lambda=function($x) {$alpha=$this->igor ? $this->passSecurity=true : NULL; return $alpha;};
                        $lambda($this->igor);
                        $this->loginOrDie();
                }
 
                catch(Exception $e)
                {
                        echo "Here's what went wrong: " . $e->getMessage();
                }
        }
 
        protected function loginOrDie()
        {
                $badPass=function($x) {$delta= $x ? ($this->goodLog=new Login()) : ($this->badLog=new ReLog());};
                $badPass($this->passSecurity);
                $goodPass=function($x) {$tau= $x ? ($this->goodLog->doLogin()) : NULL;};
                $goodPass($this->passSecurity);
        }
}
?>

Using the two methods implemented from the ILogin interface (abstract class), doLogin() and loginOrDie(), the functions work to determine whether 1) the password and username are correct and 2) send the request to the correct object: Login or ReLog.

What functional programming seems to do, among other things, is to create a series of binary queries with Booleans. For example, the protected variable $igor ($this->igor) has a double boolean assigned to it whereby two (2) comparative statements must resolve to true. By doing so, $igor becomes a Boolean value. (Who’s the Boolean now?! Snap!) Next, $igor, is a Boolean, as an argument in a lambda function ($lambda) determines whether the $passSecurity variable is to be changed from false to true—yet another Boolean!

In the loginOrDie() method, the $passSecurity variable is used again—this time as an argument—in the the $badPass() and $goodPass() lambda functions. That’s how this implementation of the protective Proxy determines whether the password and username are valid. The same determination could have been done using imperative conditional statements (e.g., if, switch), but in moving towards more functional programming within design pattern structures, the functional statements accomplish the same task with non-imperative programming.

In looking at the Login class, what is referenced as the “Real Subject” in design patterns, it does little more than pass the request to a user interface where the actual administration work can be done.

< ?php
class Login extends ILogin
{
        //Real Subject
        public function doLogin()
        { 
                $this->loginOrDie();
        }
 
        protected function loginOrDie()
        {
                $admin=new AdminUI();
                $admin->dataStrat();
        }
}
?>

A tighter implementation would have us place the UI for the Administration module in the Login itself, but we’re not striving for “tightness.” Rather, this code moves a loosely bound module in a Proxy pattern to the next module using a Strategy pattern. As you will see in the interface used by both the LoginProxy and Login classes, the Login class only implements the two abstract methods and uses none of the other other protected properties or method. Continue reading ‘Sandlight CMS V: Functional Protective Proxy Login’

Sandlight CMS IV: Dynamic Responsive Web PHPages

responsiveAt this point in the Sandlight CMS development process, two design patterns have been employed: 1) Chain of Responsibility as a device checker, and 2) Abstract Factory for making different parts for different devices. As usual, I’ve been posting the results so far on the Sandlight Productions, LLC website. The site itself is the example used in this series. This post is Part IV of the Sandlight CMS series, and if you have not been following the series you can review what has been done so far beginning with Part I.

At this stage, the project is ready to use the Abstract Factory to produce the needed parts and put them together into a page. However, before going ahead and have the factory build the parts I’d like to take an intermediate step and just build a dynamic responsive Web page.

The Dynamic Responsive Web PHPage

The easiest way to proceed is to begin with an HTML5 page, encapsulate the page into a PHP object (class) and add methods. The reason for this step is that the Web site, in addition to being responsive, needs to be dynamic. This means that it needs a way for the administrator to add changes, and in order for this to transpire, the dynamic portion of the page has to include variables in the place of static text, graphics and/or video. Figure 1 shows the general layout envisioned for the page:

Figure 1: Dynamic Responsive Web Page

Figure 1: Dynamic Responsive Web Page

Everything about the page must be responsive, but some parts are static and some are dynamic. In the two-column outline in Figure 1, the entire left column is static yet it must be responsive to different devices. In Parts I to III of this series, the pages have been responsive. The next step in making them both responsive and dynamic is to create parts of the page that will be dynamic since they are already set up to be responsive. Before continuing, click the Play button to see the progress so far and the Download button for all of the source code and accompanying files:
PlayDownload

Using PHP alone, creating a dynamic page is simple. Just place PHP variables where content goes. This is true for both the pages formatted by CSS3 and jQuery. Importantly, though, all of the Web pages should be encapsulated into PHP classes, using heredoc string variables as has been shown in previous installment of this series.

QR Code: The New Responsive Component

Quick Response Code (QR) is a new necessity for Web sites doing business on the Web and for just about every other kind of site that wants to increase its exposure. Basically, using a QR Code reader in a mobile device (phone or tablet) automatically brings up the link coded in the QR image (a square with some squiggly block images.) That beats trying to to thumb in a URL on a tiny phone keyboard. The following two can be downloaded free (at the time of this writing.):

sandlightqrcodeI’m pretty certain that other smart phones have QR readers; so if you have something other than an iOS or Android operating system on your mobile device, an Internet search for “QR Scanner” will probably be able to locate one for you.

sandlightOnce you have a QR scanner, you need a coded image, such as the one to your right. Go ahead and scan it to see what happens. It should take you to the Sandlight Productions, LLC home page build on this CMS (updated.) On it you will find several more QR codes for links to sites related to Sandlight. You can get the coded images online at different sites. One site allows you to include your logo and choice of colors is QRCode Monkey. The QR code image in green to your left with the Sandlight logo in the middle does exactly the same thing as the black one. So, if you’d like your QR Code images to keep your graphic designer happy, consider the visual options beyond the default. Figure 2 shows a page being scanned with an iPhone (left) and the linked page in the iPhone (right).

Figure 2: Scanned QR URL uploaded in mobile phone.

Figure 2: Scanned QR URL uploaded in mobile phone.

Adding QR codes to your site (or your client’s site) is very easy, and you should definitely include it in your dynamic responsive CMS. Let’s now see how the dynamic responsive two-column page is created:
Continue reading ‘Sandlight CMS IV: Dynamic Responsive Web PHPages’